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ELIMINATE CANINE RABIES
Introduction
1.1. What is the Blueprint for Rabies Prevention and Control?
1.2. Who is it for?
1.3. How does it work and what does it include?
1.4. What is rabies and why is it important to control it?
1.5. Why is it possible to control canine rabies?
1.6. What is involved in a dog rabies control plan?
1.7. Who can I approach for advice?
1.8. What measures are available for controlling dog rabies?
1.9. Can we prevent human rabies through human rabies prophylaxis instead?
Roles and Responsibilities
2.1. Which agencies should be involved in a dog rabies control programme?
2.2. What are critical responsibilities in a dog rabies control programme and which agencies should play a role?
Infrastructure, legislative framework, costs and funding
3.1. Infrastructure
3.1.1. What personnel might be available for carrying out dog vaccination campaigns?
3.1.2. What infrastructure is needed for storage of vaccines?
3.1.3. What personnel and infrastructure are needed for rabies surveillance?
3.1.4. What infrastructure is needed for surgical sterilisation?
3.1.5. What medical facilities are available for providing human post-exposure prophylaxis?
3.1.6. How well-trained are personnel?
3.1.7. Which laboratories are available for rabies diagnosis?
3.1.8. What are the minimum requirements for laboratories performing basic rabies diagnosis?
3.1.9. What is the minimum infrastructure for providing human pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis?
3.1.10. What personnel should administer pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis?
3.1.11. Guidance and checklists for national governments
3.2. Legislation
3.2.1. What is the role of legislation in the fight against rabies?
3.2.2. What is the difference between reporting and notification?
3.2.3. Why does rabies need to be a notifiable disease?
3.2.4. Which factors are important in deciding whether a disease is notifiable?
3.2.5. Is/should rabies in humans be a notifiable disease in my country?
3.2.6. Is/should rabies in animals be a notifiable disease in my country?
3.2.7. How do I notify authorities of a rabies case?
3.2.8. Are/should animal-bite injuries be notifiable?
3.2.9. How do I make rabies a notifiable disease in my country?
3.2.10. How is the legislation to support rabies control elaborated and implemented?
3.2.11. What laws and by-laws may be useful in ensuring a successful dog rabies control programme?
3.2.12. What laws and recommendations are available for dog importation?
3.2.13. What laws and recommendations are available for dog identification and registry?
3.2.14. Is dog vaccination compulsory?
3.2.15. What emergency orders might apply in the case of unexpected outbreaks?
3.3. Costs and Funding
3.3.1. How much is a dog vaccination programme going to cost?
3.3.2. What are the costs involved in sterilisation programmes?
3.3.3. What are the costs associated with post-exposure treatment?
3.3.4. To what extent is rabies prevention and control a priority and has secure funding?
3.3.5. What sources of funding might be available for dog rabies control?
3.3.6. What resources are needed to set up a rabies control programme?
3.3.7. How is the budget determined?
Communications plan
4.1. Importance of an effective communication plan
4.1. Why should I develop an effective communication plan?
4.2. Developing a communication plan
4.2.1. Assessing the science
4.2.2. Defining the purpose of the communication
4.2.3. Identifying and understanding who needs to be involved
4.2.4. Developing messages
4.2.5 Testing messages
4.2.6. Choosing media and channels for messages
4.2.7. Determining the best timing for delivering messages
4.2.8. Launching the campaign
4.3. Evaluating the campaign and its impact
4.3.1. Process evaluation
4.3.2. Outcome evaluation
4.3.3. Measuring the impact: how have the messages changed how people act?
4.3.4. How do I interpret the results of a survey to measure impact?
Operational activities
5.1. What do we need to know before we start planning a canine rabies control programme?
5.1.1. The epidemiology of rabies
5.1.1.1. What is epidemiology?
5.1.1.2. Why is epidemiological information important?
5.1.1.3. What if we do not have surveillance or epidemiological data?
5.1.1.4. What data can provide the necessary epidemiological information?
5.1.1.5. What other data can be useful?
5.1.2. The reservoir species
5.1.2.1. Which animal species should be targeted?
5.1.2.2. Are there other animals besides dogs that can transmit rabies (e.g. cats, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, goats, wildlife, bats, etc.)?
5.1.2.3. Why is it important to know the relationship between man and dog in your country/area?
5.1.2.4. What kind of dogs are present in the target area/country?
5.1.2.5. What is the total number of dogs in the target area/country?
5.1.3. How rabies is transmitted
5.1.3.1 How is rabies transmitted?
5.1.3.2. What exactly is an exposure to rabies?
5.1.3.3. How long is the incubation period after an exposure occurs?
5.1.3.4. Can rabies be transmitted through food (i.e. by eating milk or meat)?
5.1.3.5. Can rabies be transmitted by feeding street dogs?
5.1.3.6. Can rabies be transmitted while butchering animals?
5.1.3.7. Can I get rabies from a patient that had rabies if I shared food and water with him/her?
5.2. What do we need to buy?
5.2.1. What supplies do dog vaccinating teams need?
5.2.2. What supplies are needed for sterilisation programmes?
5.2.3. What supplies are needed for a clinic administering human pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis?
5.2.4. What basic supplies do rabies surveillance personnel need in the field?
5.2.5. What supplies do we need for laboratory-based rabies diagnosis using the fluorescence antibody test?
5.2.6. What can I do if I do not have a fluorescent microscope in my laboratory?
5.3. Who do we need to train and in what?
5.3.1. Rabies surveillance
5.3.2. Dog component
5.3.3. Human component
5.3.4. Others
5.4. What are we going to do – dog component?
5.4.1. What techniques are available to estimate the number of dogs?
5.4.2. Why is epidemiological surveillance important and what can we do to enhance it?
5.4.3. Are there specific signs in an animal that we can watch to confirm that it is rabid?
5.4.4. How do we dispose of animals that have died of rabies?
5.4.5. What methods and strategies are available for dog vaccination?
5.4.6. How do we plan the vaccination campaign on the ground?
5.4.7. How do we make sure that the community and dog owners know about the vaccination campaign?
5.4.8. Which dogs should be vaccinated?
5.4.9. How often should dogs be vaccinated?
5.4.10. How often should campaigns be conducted?
5.4.11. Should cats be vaccinated?
5.4.12. How many people are needed on an average vaccination day?
5.4.13. How can the level of vaccination coverage achieved be estimated?
5.4.14. Is it important to include dog population management in rabies control programmes?
5.4.15. Should dogs be removed as part of rabies vaccination campaigns?
5.4.16. What dog population management tools are currently recommended?
5.4.17. Our programme has been successful and we have eliminated dog rabies from an area - how do we keep this area rabies-free?
5.4.18. How can we monitor dog movements?
5.4.19. How can we prevent a rabies outbreak?
5.4.20. What do we need to do if rabies is re-introduced into an area after a period of absence?
5.5. What are we going to do – human component?
5.5.1. What is the difference between pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis?
5.5.2. Who should receive pre-exposure prophylaxis?
5.5.3. What do we need to know about products for human rabies prophylaxis?
5.5.4. How do we deal with or prevent exposures?
5.5.5. What do we need to know about regimens, doses and schedules?
5.5.6. Are there any conditions that might affect post-exposure prophylaxis?
5.5.7 How do we ensure that bite victims seek PEP?
5.5.8 End of life care for rabies patients
5.6 Evaluation
5.6.1. How can we find out if the canine rabies control programme has been successful?
5.6.2. Has the programme reached enough dogs?
5.6.3. Has the programme had an impact on dog rabies cases?
5.6.4. Has the programme had an impact on human rabies deaths, bite exposures and demand for human post-exposure treatment?
5.6.5. How well do dogs respond to vaccination?
5.6.6. Self-Assessment of national rabies programmes
5.7. How do we ensure sustainability of the rabies control programme?
5.7.1. How do we ensure sustainability of the rabies control programme?
The Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination: a tool for planning and evaluation
6.1 Why a tool for stepwise rabies control?
6.2. How to undertake a SARE assessment
CASE STUDIES AND DOCUMENTS
Case studies
Rabies education through early childhood intervention
A regional expert network: PARACON
The use of mobile phone technologies to enhance rabies surveillance
Community based surveillance implemented in Haiti
The importance of consistent and even vaccination coverage.
The Rabies Educator Certificate in action
The GARC Education Platform: a unified approach to enhanced public and professional awareness
The SARE tool used in country based workshops
Interministerial collaborations for Rabies Elimination
Strategic Plan for the Elimination of Human Rabies in Kenya
A puppet show on rabies prevention
Pre-intervention community consultation in Tanzania
OIE vaccine bank for rabies
Legal arbitration process benefits control in Kisumu, Kenya
Successful rabies control in KwaZulu Natal
The establishment of community funds to support dog rabies control programmes in Bohol, Philippines
An example of house-to-house vaccination
An example of a laboratory twinning initiative between Germany and Turkey on rabies diagnostics
House-to-house rabies vaccination campaigns using schoolchildren in Istanbul, Turkey
An example of central-point vaccination programmes
Oral and parenteral rabies vaccination campaigns by veterinary students and staff in urban Kusadasi, Turkey
Parenteral rabies dog vaccination campaign by university staff in rural villages of Turkey
Oral rabies vaccination of dogs by veterinary students in the rural village of Mindoro, Philippines
An example of the use of veterinary students in rabies prevention and control activities in Lusaka, Zambia
An example of the use of volunteers in dog vaccination campaigns
An example of vaccination by baiting dogs
An example of the use of health promoters in dog vaccination campaigns
An example of rabies awareness programmes where the Department of Education played an important role and the collaboration with the veterinary services was critical
Ministry of Health and rabies education in school curricula
An example of the use of community-based strategies in vaccination campaigns
Documents
Ethical considerations in implementation of mass dog vaccination
The role of dog population management in rabies control
Guidelines for vaccine storage and administration
Toolkits for influencing policy on rabies control
Caring for Patients with clinical rabies
Basic epidemiological indicators to assess the burden of canine rabies
Studies using rapid immunodiagnostic tests for rabies diagnosis
Evidence of safe and effective vaccination of puppies
Examples of dog ecology surveys
An example of the use of incentives to increase participation in vaccination campaigns
High throughput models for parenteral vaccination
Successful central-point vaccination programmes
Examples of combined sterilization and rabies control programmes.
Capture-mark-recapture methods for estimating vaccination coverage
Investigations of the reasons that people do not vaccinate their dogs
Regional and International rabies databases
Information from the CDC on ante mortem testing
Rabies vaccine-use calculator
GSK Vaccines homepage
Zydus Cadila homepage
Serum Institute of India homepage
Sanofi Pasteur homepage
Communication channels
EU Commission home page
Examples of methods for marking dogs
Field trials with oral vaccination of dogs against rabies
Downloadable resources from the Global Alliance for Rabies Control
Examples of the use of verbal autopsy
An assessment of countries’ progress at the regional level
How to conduct a stakeholder analysis
Examples of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Studies on Rabies
WHO prequalified vaccines list
WHO Position paper on Rabies Vaccine, 2018
Laboratory biorisk management publications
Checklist of activities for the SARE
WHO Guidance on Transport of Infectious Substances
Zoonotic diseases : a guide to establishing collaboration between animal and human health sectors at the country level
High-Level Technical Meeting to Address Health Risks at the Human-Animal-Ecosystems Interfaces
Developing a stepwise approach for rabies prevention and control
Recommendations of the OIE Global Conference on Rabies Control
OIE Terrestrial Manual
OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code
Support available for veterinary legislation from the OIE
International efforts towards global rabies elimination
SADC Homepage
ASEAN Homepage
FAO Home page
How to conduct a dog ecology survey
Publication on the Blueprint for Rabies Prevention and Control
Studies on the cost and cost-effectiveness of different PEP vaccination strategies
WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies
Studies of the cost-effectiveness of canine vaccination
Comparison of owner charged and free vaccination campaigns
Examples of dog catching and restraining devices
Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test standard operating procedure
Studies demonstrating the feasibility of canine rabies elimination
Schematic view, BSL 2 laboratory
Guidelines on human prophylaxis
Information on Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guidelines for the design and management of animal shelters
WSPA advice on chemical castration
Non-surgical methods for reproduction control
SOPs for euthanasia
Guidelines for euthanasia
Guidelines for dog population management
Rabies diagnosis in living dogs
Simple techniques for brain sample collection
Link to resources with basic clinical background on rabies
Studies that have estimated dog population sizes in a range of settings
Guidelines on surveying roaming dog populations
Factors associated with dog ownership, an example from Tanzania
Fluorescent Antibody Test protocols
Example of samples submission form for post-mortem kit
Vaccines recommended for human vaccination
Basic devices for dog sterilisation
Guidelines for restraining dogs
Guidelines for oral vaccination
Animal vaccines recommended by international agencies
Examples of vaccination certificates
Studies quantifying the cost of dog vaccination campaigns
Examples of rabies-related posters
Summary table of what you need to buy for dog vaccination depending on the strategy you decide to adopt
Studies on the risk of exposure to rabies due to slaughtering of rabid dogs and butchering dog meat
Human:dog ratios
Dog categorization matrix
Implementation checklist
Step-by-step planning guide for communicating public health information
World Rabies Day website
Recommendations on dog importation
General guide on how to construct a veterinary legislation
Evaluation of the performance of veterinary services, gap analysis and the OIE international standards
WHO International Health Regulations
Notification obligations of OIE members
OIE World Animal Health Information Database
WHO instrument for the assessment and notification of events that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern
International recommendations for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity
PAHO home page
FAO home page redirect
OIE home page
WHO home page
Some NGOs relevant to rabies control
Prevention of human rabies through human rabies prophylaxis
Immunization coverage required to control dog rabies
International agencies, networks and organisations connected to rabies
The components of a successful canine rabies control programme
Global distribution of canine rabies
Examples of effective canine rabies control through domestic dog vaccination
A study showing that transmission of dog rabies is low worldwide, hence the potential for its global elimination
Successful stories of large scale canine rabies control
Public health and economic burden of rabies
General information about rabies
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Introduction PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Roles and Responsibilities
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Infrastructure PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Legislation PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Costs and funding PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Communications Plan PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - What do we need to know? PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Supplies for dog vaccination PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Supplies for dog sterilization PDF
Canine Rabies blueprint - human vaccination supplies PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Supplies for rabies surveillance teams PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Supplies for diagnosis using FAT PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - What can I do if I do not have a fluorescent microscope in my laboratory?
Canine Rabies blueprint - Who do we need to train? PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Dog component PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Contingency planning PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Human component PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Evaluation PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - Sustainability PDF
Canine Rabies Blueprint - The Stepwise Approach to Planning and Evaluation (SARE)
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Sections
ELIMINATE CANINE RABIES
Introduction
Roles and Responsibilities
Infrastructure, legislative framework, costs and funding
Communications plan
Operational activities
The Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination: a tool for planning and evaluation
CASE STUDIES AND DOCUMENTS
Case studies
Documents
CONTRIBUTORS
All the contributors
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Version 4 - last updated May 2017